Peace for All

The contemporary understanding of peace and security reflects a significant conceptual evolution from narrow, state-centric interpretations toward broader, multidimensional frameworks that integrate social, economic, political, cultural, and environmental dimensions. Recent scholarship emphasizes that peace is not merely the absence of war but a dynamic and context-dependent process shaped by historical, cultural, and structural factors. This shift underscores the recognition that sustainable peace requires addressing root causes of conflict, including inequality, injustice, and exclusion. The distinction between negative peace (absence of direct violence) and positive peace (presence of justice and well-being) remains foundational, yet contemporary studies increasingly highlight the importance of integrating these dimensions into holistic peace building strategies. Such perspectives align with recent global policy frameworks that emphasize human security, development, and sustainability as essential components of peace (Meyers, 2019; Werkner, 2017; McInerney & Archer, 2023) . A central theme in recent literature is the recognition of structural and cultural violence as critical barriers to achieving sustainable peace. Structural violence manifests through systemic inequalities embedded in political, economic, and social systems, limiting access to resources and opportunities. Cultural violence, on the other hand, legitimizes and normalizes such inequalities through ideologies, beliefs, and social norms. Contemporary research emphasizes that addressing these forms of violence is essential for achieving positive peace, as their persistence undermines long-term stability. Interventions such as inclusive development policies, equitable resource distribution, and transformative education are increasingly advocated as mechanisms for reducing structural and cultural violence. These approaches highlight the need for systemic transformation rather than short-term conflict management (UNDP, 2022; Ide, 2020; UNEP, 2019) . The relational dimension of peace has gained increasing prominence in recent scholarship, emphasizing the importance of social cohesion, trust, and interpersonal relationships. Peace is understood not only as a macro-level condition but also as a micro-level experience shaped by everyday interactions among individuals and communities. Studies highlight that societies characterized by strong social bonds and inclusive identities are more resilient to conflict and better equipped to manage disputes peacefully. This perspective aligns with interdisciplinary research in sociology and psychology, which underscores the role of empathy, dialogue, and cooperation in sustaining peace. Consequently, peace building initiatives increasingly focus on community-level interventions that strengthen social cohesion and promote inclusive participation (Lian et al., 2024; Mukerji, 2021) .